42 conversations found
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone at an unknown time between 9:01 pm and 9:20 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-005 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon contacted the White House operator to facilitate a telephone connection with his Chief of Staff, H.R. Haldeman. This brief interaction served solely as a logistical bridge to initiate a direct conversation with a key advisor. No substantive policy matters or decisions were discussed during this specific exchange.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman talked on the telephone from 9:20 pm to 9:33 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-006 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and H.R. Haldeman reviewed the success of Nixon’s June 1, 1971, press conference, focusing on the positive public reception of his firm stance on the recent May Day demonstrations. They discussed the effectiveness of framing the protesters as vandals and lawbreakers to bolster his 'law and order' platform, while noting the media's disproportionate fixation on Vietnam and the neglect of domestic policy issues. Nixon also addressed logistical concerns regarding television camera angles and concluded that in future briefings, he should speak directly to the camera rather than the reporters to improve his communication with the public.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone at an unknown time between 9:33 pm and 9:38 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-007 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon instructed the White House operator to place a telephone call to National Security Advisor Henry A. Kissinger. This brief administrative interaction served as the initiation of a high-level diplomatic or security-related communication. No further substantive details regarding the purpose of the call were captured in this recording.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger talked on the telephone from 9:38 pm to 9:49 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-008 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and Henry Kissinger debriefed regarding the President's June 1, 1971, press conference, expressing mutual satisfaction with his performance and the public's likely reception. They analyzed the President's firm stance on the recent May Day demonstrations and reviewed his handling of complex foreign policy questions concerning the USSR, the Middle East, and relations with the People's Republic of China. Both agreed that the television format remained an essential tool for the President to communicate directly with the public, and they committed to holding such press conferences on a regular, recurring basis.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone at an unknown time between 9:49 pm and 9:51 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-009 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon contacted the White House operator to request a telephone connection with Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman. This brief administrative interaction served as a logistical bridge to facilitate a direct conversation between the President and his top aide. No substantive policy discussions occurred during this exchange, as it was strictly for the purpose of placing a call.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman talked on the telephone from 9:51 pm to 10:09 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-010 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and H.R. Haldeman reviewed the feedback and public reception following the President’s recent televised press conference. They discussed the administration's performance on key issues such as drug policy, the May Day protests, and diplomatic efforts regarding China and Vietnam. The two also assessed the effectiveness of Nixon's presentation style, specifically debating the merits of looking directly into the camera versus engaging with the press, while planning adjustments for future appearances.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone from 10:09 pm to 10:10 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-011 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon initiates a brief telephone request to the White House operator to be connected with Secretary of the Treasury John B. Connally. The interaction serves solely as a logistical bridge to facilitate an urgent communication between the President and his Treasury Secretary. No further policy discussions or administrative decisions occur during this short exchange.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and John B. Connally talked on the telephone from 10:10 pm to 10:16 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-012 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and Treasury Secretary John B. Connally reviewed the President’s recent press conference, agreeing that the press corps’ aggressive questioning highlighted media bias to the American public. They expressed frustration that the media ignored key domestic issues such as the economy and revenue sharing, despite Nixon being fully prepared to address them. The conversation concluded with Nixon providing strategic advice to Connally regarding his upcoming appearance before Representative Wilbur D. Mills to advocate for revenue sharing legislation.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone from 10:16 pm to 10:17 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-013 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon initiates a brief telephone request to the White House operator to be connected with his personal secretary, Rose Mary Woods. This administrative exchange facilitates direct communication with a key staff member during late-night hours. No further policy or substantive matters are discussed during the brief interaction.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Rose Mary Woods talked on the telephone from 10:17 pm to 10:20 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-014 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and his personal secretary, Rose Mary Woods, discuss the President's recent press conference performance and public reception. Woods commends Nixon for his calm demeanor while addressing aggressive questioning regarding the administration's handling of May Day demonstrators. The conversation highlights the administration’s strategy of framing these protests as law and order issues, noting that Attorney General John Mitchell expressed strong approval of the President's steady approach.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone at an unknown time between 10:20 pm and 10:23 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-016 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon instructed the White House operator to place an urgent call to Attorney General John N. Mitchell. He subsequently requested that the operator connect him directly to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. This brief exchange served as a logistical coordination to facilitate immediate communication with his top law enforcement and legal officials.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone at an unknown time between 10:20 pm and 10:23 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-015 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon contacted the White House operator to place an urgent call to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. The brief exchange served as a routine administrative request to facilitate direct communication between the President and the Bureau's leadership. No further substantive details regarding the purpose of the call were captured.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and J. Edgar Hoover talked on the telephone from 10:23 pm to 10:29 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-017 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover discussed the President's recent press conference, specifically his defense of law enforcement tactics used against May Day demonstrators and his firm stance against the legalization of marijuana. The two men criticized the D.C. court system, particularly Judge David L. Bazelon, while coordinating the agenda for an upcoming meeting involving police officials. Additionally, Hoover updated the President on an ongoing FBI investigation into a recent criminal incident involving Black suspects in New York.
On June 1, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and John N. Mitchell talked on the telephone from 10:30 pm to 10:34 pm. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-018 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and Attorney General John Mitchell discuss the political fallout from recent anti-war protests and the media's coverage of law and order issues. The conversation emphasizes the administration's commitment to combatting domestic drug abuse, specifically rejecting the legalization of marijuana and framing the issue as a national crisis rather than one isolated to Vietnam. The two conclude by coordinating plans for a follow-up meeting scheduled for June 3 to address these policy initiatives.
President Richard M. Nixon and the White House operator talked on the telephone on an unknown date, sometime between 10:34 pm on June 1, 1971 and 2:47 pm on June 3, 1971. The White House Telephone taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 004-019 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon contacted the White House operator to facilitate a personal communication. The primary purpose of the brief call was to request that the operator place a connection to his daughter, Julie Nixon Eisenhower. No further policy or administrative matters were discussed during this exchange.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-009 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon discusses a personnel matter regarding a formal letter of recommendation for an individual, identified as 'Mel.' He expresses high praise for the individual's performance over the previous two and a half years and explicitly requests a positive addition to their official employment record. The discussion reflects the President's personal interest in ensuring this associate receives formal recognition and long-term professional credit.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-006 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictated a memorandum to John D. Ehrlichman and Egil Krogh, Jr. tasking them with developing recommendations to increase criminal penalties for drug suppliers and pushers. Nixon specifically expressed a willingness to consider extreme measures, including the death penalty, for major narcotics traffickers despite potential judicial resistance regarding stiff sentencing. He requested an urgent review of federal statutes to determine how they might be utilized to address the trafficking of hard drugs like heroin.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-001 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictates a letter reflecting on his past interactions with the press while preparing for an upcoming press conference. He specifically discusses the performance of Ronald L. Ziegler and John A. Scali, evaluating their roles in managing media relations. The President further analyzes his own strategic approach to public appearances, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining a cooperative persona when addressing the White House press corps.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-005 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictates a memorandum to John Ehrlichman instructing him to investigate the role of physician over-prescription in the nation's drug abuse crisis. The President directs Ehrlichman to consult with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Secretary of Health regarding the misuse of amphetamines and other controlled substances. The primary objective is to obtain a formal study and actionable recommendations on how to restrict the ability of medical professionals to facilitate drug abuse through excessive prescribing practices.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-011 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon consulted with Alexander P. Butterfield and Rose Mary Woods to address equipment malfunctions regarding his dictation process. The group also coordinated logistical details for upcoming events, specifically planning protocol for a meeting with Anastasio Somoza Debayle and organizing gifts and arrangements for the 80th Congressional Club reception. Additionally, Nixon prepared for an upcoming congressional briefing on international economic policy involving Peter G. Peterson.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-004 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictated a memorandum to Egil “Bud” Krogh, Jr., tasking him with gathering reliable data on the correlation between marijuana use and subsequent heroin addiction. He directed Krogh to leverage research held by federal agencies, specifically identifying the National Institute of Mental Health and its director, Dr. Bertram S. Brown, as key sources. The President’s objective was to acquire concrete statistics to bolster his administration’s drug policy messaging.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-003 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon directed John D. Ehrlichman to prepare a detailed cost analysis of the legislative agenda proposed by the Congressional Black Caucus. Nixon emphasized the urgency of the request, demanding a comprehensive evaluation of the total projected costs within a 24-hour window. This initiative aimed to quantify the fiscal impact of all sixty recommendations to better inform the administration's political response.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-008 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictates a memorandum to General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. regarding the creation of a memorial at West Point honoring both Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant. He suggests that commemorating prominent generals from both sides of the Civil War could help heal lingering regional divisions and address sensitivities in the American South. The President directs Haig to explore the feasibility of such a tribute to foster national reconciliation.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-010 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with his aide Stephen B. Bull to discuss administrative logistics regarding the President’s daily schedule and the management of White House tape recordings. The primary focus involved coordinating tasks with Alexander P. Butterfield to ensure the proper handling and documentation of presidential activities. This meeting served as a procedural session to maintain the integrity of the White House internal record-keeping systems.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and unknown person(s) met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-020 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon held an Oval Office meeting with an unidentified individual to discuss matters pertaining to the President's official schedule. While the specific identity of the participant and the details of their conversation remain unrecorded, the discussion focused on logistical or planning requirements for the executive office. The interaction concluded when the individual departed the office shortly before 9:20 am.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-002 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictates a letter to an unidentified professional shortstop struggling with an extended hitting slump. Drawing a parallel to his own political career, the President offers encouragement regarding the necessity of perseverance during periods of professional failure. Nixon frames the letter as a gesture of support, urging the athlete to maintain confidence despite his current lack of performance.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 8:55 am and 9:20 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-007 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon dictates a memorandum for John D. Ehrlichman regarding the urgent need to address rising urban unemployment. Concerned that unemployment rates exceeding 6% would create severe political repercussions and irreparable economic damage, Nixon directs Ehrlichman to coordinate with George P. Shultz to develop a strategy for the summer months. The discussion focuses on evaluating Pierre Rinfret’s economic forecasts and formulating proactive policy measures to mitigate potential civil and political instability.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, Alexander P. Butterfield, and Rose Mary Woods met in the Oval Office of the White House from 9:20 am to 9:40 am. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-012 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with Alexander P. Butterfield and Rose Mary Woods to address logistical arrangements for upcoming events and resolve technical issues with his dictation equipment. The discussion covered protocols for a meeting with Anastasio Somoza Debayle, ensuring the encounter remained informal and strictly limited in scope. Additionally, they coordinated the physical arrangements and gift selection for the 80th Congressional Club reception and finalized the scheduling and venue logistics for a bipartisan congressional briefing on international economic policy.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman, Rose Mary Woods, Henry A. Kissinger, Stephen B. Bull, Alexander P. Butterfield, and Ronald L. Ziegler met in the Oval Office of the White House from 9:45 am to 12:04 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-013 of the White House Tapes.
In this extensive meeting, President Nixon and H. R. Haldeman, later joined by Henry Kissinger and other staff, discussed a broad range of administrative, political, and foreign policy matters. The conversation focused heavily on the President's recent press conference, strategies for managing the press and domestic public opinion, and the imperative to achieve foreign policy breakthroughs in Vietnam, relations with the USSR, and potential overtures to the People's Republic of China. Significant developments included internal planning for clandestine diplomatic channels and a firm resolve to maintain a "law and order" stance against anti-war demonstrators and critics of the administration.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, Stephen B. Bull, Thelma C. ("Pat") (Ryan) Nixon, William J. Hopkins, Mrs. William J. Hopkins, John N. Castell, and Mrs. John N. Castell met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 12:04 pm and 12:12 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-014 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon, Pat Nixon, and Stephen Bull met with William J. Hopkins and his guests to coordinate a Medal of Freedom ceremony. The participants discussed the logistics and sequence of events for the presentation, including the role of Commander Craig Campbell. Following brief social conversation regarding their shared experiences growing up in small towns, the group departed the Oval Office to proceed to the formal ceremony.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 12:19 pm and 12:24 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-015 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with his aide Stephen B. Bull to review and adjust his daily schedule regarding upcoming appointments with Robert H. Finch and H. R. Haldeman. Nixon specifically sought to avoid a lunch meeting with Finch, preferring to shift the appointment to a different time slot. The brief discussion concluded with a decision to finalize the logistics of these encounters.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 12:19 pm and 12:24 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-016 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with his aide Stephen B. Bull to coordinate and review the upcoming schedule of Robert H. Finch. The brief session focused on logistical planning regarding Finch's official engagements. No further administrative actions were recorded beyond this scheduling discussion.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Alexander P. Butterfield met in the Oval Office of the White House from 12:24 pm to 12:26 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-017 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met briefly with Alexander P. Butterfield to coordinate the President's daily calendar and administrative logistics. The discussion focused specifically on the scheduling of a meeting with Robert H. Finch. This interaction served to finalize administrative arrangements for the President's upcoming appointments.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House at 12:26 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-018 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with his aide Stephen B. Bull in the Oval Office to conduct a brief review of his daily schedule. The primary focus of the discussion concerned the timing and arrangements for upcoming meetings with Robert H. Finch and H.R. Haldeman. Following this administrative coordination, Bull concluded the meeting and departed.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman, Robert H. Finch, Ronald L. Ziegler, and Alexander P. Butterfield met in the Oval Office of the White House from 12:26 pm to 2:25 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 508-019 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with H. R. Haldeman, Robert Finch, Ronald Ziegler, and Alexander Butterfield to coordinate 1972 re-election strategy, focusing specifically on California politics and the management of Republican primaries. The group discussed the potential for Caspar Weinberger to run for mayor of San Francisco to boost the President's standing in the state, while also strategizing on how to handle potential stand-in candidates and primary challenges. Nixon emphasized a desire to minimize his direct campaign travel during the primaries, delegating tactical operations to a small, loyal team including Haldeman, Finch, and Bryce Harlow, while expressing distrust toward Charles Colson’s political judgment.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and unknown person(s) met in the Oval Office of the White House from 2:25 pm to 3:15 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-001 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with an aide to discuss the management of public perception regarding a high-level briefing on the heroin problem, specifically ensuring it was framed as a broad, non-military domestic issue. The discussion covered plans for legislative reform, including the creation of a special federal narcotics office and the implementation of mandatory treatment for military personnel. Additionally, the President and his advisor evaluated recent media appearances and political communication strategies, debating whether Nixon should adopt a more combative stance toward the press and critics to project strength and clarity on key issues.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House from 3:15 pm to 3:16 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-002 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with his aide, Stephen B. Bull, for a brief one-minute session in the Oval Office. The discussion focused on administrative matters regarding the President's upcoming schedule. No further details were recorded as the meeting concluded immediately after the brief exchange.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, John D. Ehrlichman, and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House from 3:16 pm to 4:15 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-003 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and John Ehrlichman met to discuss the administration's aggressive new strategy for addressing drug abuse, including the formation of a centralized office led by Dr. Jerome H. Jaffe and the implementation of mandatory drug testing and rehabilitation for military personnel. They further explored political tactics for the President, debating whether he should adopt a more combative public persona to better challenge opponents and define his presidency. Finally, they touched upon federal personnel management and potential legislative strategies regarding economic issues, such as revenue sharing and public service employment.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, Stephen B. Bull, William Stephany, Wade Laughter, Robert Bordes, Jr., Robert Jasper, Gary Cross, Robert Carter, and White House photographer met in the Oval Office of the White House from 4:16 pm to 4:20 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-004 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with an advisory committee of the Boy Scouts of America's Explorer division to discuss their organization, the integration of female members, and the age demographic of the program. The President engaged in brief conversation regarding his personal history with the Boy Scouts and his upcoming travel plans to Rochester, New York. The group also reviewed the logistics and schedule for an outdoor ceremony where Nixon would provide remarks and present gifts to the attendees.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, John B. Connally, Alexander P. Butterfield, Manolo Sanchez, and John D. Ehrlichman met in the Oval Office of the White House from 4:38 pm to 5:42 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-005 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon met with John Connally and other staff members to discuss administration strategy regarding the drug crisis, the national economy, and political messaging. They addressed the success of recent heroin seizures and evaluated potential international and domestic economic policies, including the possibility of a wage-price freeze and strategies to combat inflation. Additionally, Nixon emphasized the need to project strength and confidence in press conferences while coordinating his cabinet to effectively articulate administration goals ahead of the 1972 election.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon and unknown person(s) met in the Oval Office of the White House from 5:42 pm to 5:54 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-006 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon held a brief, private meeting in the Oval Office with an unidentified individual. The recording contains limited audible content, as the majority of the encounter is obscured by a withdrawn personal-returnable segment. No substantive policy discussions or administrative actions can be verified from the available documentation.
On June 2, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman, and Manolo Sanchez met in the Oval Office of the White House from 5:54 pm to 6:25 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 510-007 of the White House Tapes.
President Nixon and H. R. Haldeman discuss public relations strategy, focusing on how the President should project strength and manage his emotions during media appearances. They analyze the political effectiveness of Nixon's recent press conferences, debating whether he should adopt a more combative, 'righteous' tone rather than maintaining a perpetually cool demeanor. Additionally, they discuss the logistical coordination of upcoming social events, including a dinner with Nicaraguan President Somoza, and the continued use of polling to gauge public opinion on specific issues like drug policy.